Twelfth Night Love Essay - 1610 Words

William Shakespeare has written a number of romantic comedies. Twelfth Night is one of the finest comedies of the author. Shakespeare is driven by Viola’s decision to voluntarily conceal her identity and go to work as a servant for the lovesick Orsino.This disguise and gender confusion are there in the beginning of the play and finishes with happy ending. This paper tries to ascertain how Viola in Twelfth Night perform her disguise and become an ideal woman of Shakespeare’s own concept. There may be many reasons why, he keeps his female characters in disguise position. Shakespeare’s subjectivity can easily be seen at many places in the play. Viola disguises her identity, self-involved behaviour, beauty, nobility, sincerity, and loyalty†¦show more content†¦Through it alters the identity of an individual (frequently female character, though not always) and uses this disguise to heighten irony, develop theme, and enhance the character of the play. This is not the only way in which disguise is used in Twelfth Night. It is also used to create comedy. In Twelfth Night, disguise takes many different shapes from physical disguise to mental disguise. Disguise is one of the main topics of the play and helps to create the plot. It brings in confusion and comedy as well as the darker and sadder side of the play which is disguised as fun and happiness. Disguise is evident from the very beginning of the play. A supposedly noble Duke Orsino is suffering due to his unrequited love for the Lady Olivia. Viola is shipwrecked on the coast of Illyria and she comes ashore with the help of a captain. She lost contact with her twin brother, Sebastian, whom she believed to be drowned. Disguising herself as a young man under the name Cesario, she enters the service of Duke Orsino through the help of the sea captain who rescues her. Duke Orsino has convinced himself that he is in love with Olivia, whose father and brother have recently died, and who refuses to see charming things, be in the company of men, and entertain love or marriage proposals from anyone, the Duke included, until seven years have passed. Duke Orsino then uses Cesario as an intermediary to profess his passionate love before Olivia. Olivia, however,Show MoreRelated Love in twelfth night Essay714 Words   |  3 Pages Love in twelfth night In the play twelfth night, Shakespeare covered three types of love : Lust, true love and brotherly love. Love is one of the most confusing and most misunderstood emotions that we as humans posses. Love is an extremely diverse emotion which is why it was used as the main topic in twelfth night. Lust, which is probably one of the most confusing types of love was an apparent subject in twelfth night.There are many reasons why one would lust, one could be because you are attractedRead MoreLove and Desire in Twelfth Night Essay1363 Words   |  6 PagesMerriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, love is defined as â€Å"strong affection for another arising out of kinship or personal ties; attraction based on sexual desire; affection and tenderness felt by lovers; affection based on admiration, benevolence, or common interest; or an assurance of love.† In William Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night, three different types of love are experienced: friendship love, true love, and self love. Each character experiences a different type of love, and in some cases it is not whatRead More Essay on Love and Gender in Twelfth Night1551 Words   |  7 PagesLove and Gender in Twelfth Night      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeares Twelfth Night examines patterns of love and courtship through a twisting of gender roles. In Act 3, scene 1, Olivia displays the confusion created for both characters and audience as she takes on the traditionally male role of wooer in an attempt to win the disguised Viola, or Cesario. Olivia praises Cesarios beauty and then addresses him with the belief that his scorn (3.1.134) only reveals his hidden love. However, Olivias mistakenRead MoreThe Aspects of Love in Twelfth Night Essay633 Words   |  3 PagesThe Aspects of Love in Twelfth Night The main theme in Twelfth Night is love. It is announced at the beginning of the play ‘If music be the food of love play on’ and from this you know that love will be a main aspect in Twelfth Night. In Elizabethan time ‘love’ as we know it today was very different. You could not love anyone outside of your social status, marriages were almost always arranged on how the social status could improve the current standing of oneRead MoreThe Language of Love in Twelfth Night Essay2005 Words   |  9 PagesLanguage of Love Throughout the history of literature and writing, love has been one of few constant human experiences and themes. Love can be expressed, viewed, and taken in many different ways. According to Webster’s Dictionary, the term love is defined as, â€Å"a feeling of strong or constant affection for a person; attraction that can include sexual desire or the strong affection felt by people who have a romantic relationship; and/or a warm attachment, enthusiasm, or devotion† (Webster). It isRead More The Theme of Love in William Shakespeares Twelfth Night Essay1007 Words   |  5 Pages The Theme of Love in William Shakespeares Twelfth Night In Twelfth Night, Shakespeare focuses strongly on the theme of love; romantic love, friendship, brotherly and sisterly love, unrealistic love and self-love. In this essay I am going to explore these aspects and write about the different sides of love in the play, such as humour and suffering. We find that in Twelfth Night love is a very complicated thing and confusion often occurs. At the beginning of the playRead MoreBlindness of Love in Twelfth Night by Shakespeare Essay633 Words   |  3 PagesBlindness of Love in Twelfth Night by Shakespeare In the play Twelfth Night Shakespeare shows how anyone can be blinded by love and act so impulsively to satisfy their appetite for love, that often they fall in love with a faà §ade rather then the person behind the disguise. Also Shakespeare also shows how people are apt to ignore the evidence that disproves the disguise they have fallen in love with. Almost all of the characters in Twelfth Night fell in love with a disguise; I will detailRead MoreTrue Love in Shakespeares Twelfth Night Essay1969 Words   |  8 PagesTrue Love in Twelfth Night      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Unlike the other characters in Shakespeares Twelfth Night, Violas feelings of love are genuine. She is not mistaken about Orsinos true nature and loves him for who he really is, while the other characters in the play seem to be in love with an illusion. Violas love for Orsino does not alter during the play, nor is it transferred to another person.    Viola, alone in a strange land, disguises herself as a man in order to gain access to Duke OrsinosRead More Twelfth Night Essays: Three Types of Love930 Words   |  4 Pagesof Love in Twelfth Night      Ã‚   In the play Twelfth Night, Shakespeare explores and illustrates the emotion of love with precise detail. According to Websters New World Dictionary, love is defined as a strong affection or liking for someone. Throughout the play Shakespeare examines three different types of love: true love, self love and friendship. Twelfth Night consists of a large number of love triangles, however many of the characters who are tangled up in the web of love areRead MoreTwelfth Night Theme Essay - Love as the Cause of Suffering730 Words   |  3 PagesLove as the Cause of Suffering In William Shakespeare’s play Twelfth Night, love as the cause of suffering is one of the most prominent theme of the story. Even though this play ends in love and wedded bliss, Shakespeare also shows us that love can also cause pain. The characters often view love as a curse, something that is thrust upon you and you cannot easily or willing escape. Examples include Malvolio’s love for Olivia, the love triangle between Olivia, Duke Orsino, and Viola as Cesario,

Aristotle s Theory Of Nature Essay - 1635 Words

The Physics initially takes off with Aristotle’s comparison of attaining knowledge in correlation with absorbing knowledge about nature. He states that when processing knowledge how we make sense of a subject of discussion is through finding its primary causes and principles, and then stem back to the root, its elements(Physics 84a. 14-15). To exhibit we have knowledge of a specific subject matter we have to display and vocalize the contributing components that describe the subject. Aristotle titles these principles, causes and elements as previously listed.Therefore, the knowledge of nature must arise with questioning principles. Aristotle contends that only the elements and principles can be revealed once going from the proclaimed universal to the particular(Physics 184a.24). This paper will examine the particular, on why the physics of nature is in essence the study of beings/things that are subjects to change(Physics 185a12-13). One will examine why change appeared to be p aradoxical to Aristotle’s predecessors and why they had some much difficulty comprehending the topic of discussion, change. Furthermore, one will acknowledge all four distinctive kinds of change according to Aristotle and what his interpretation and account of change truly is. Concluding this paper will sum up just how Aristotle resolves the conflicts of his predecessors by his own justifications followed by his forms of change and contributing components. When we think of the process of a caterpillarShow MoreRelatedSocrates And Aristotle s Life1491 Words   |  6 Pagesphilosopher Aristotle is widely thought to have said, The ultimate value of life depends upon awareness and the power of contemplation rather than upon mere survival. The earliest accounts of human history chronicle the struggle for survival against all odds. It is therefore remarkable that roughly 2400 years ago the question of virtue was raised, let alone contemplated at great length, forming a foundation upon which Western philosophers build to the present day. Socrates and Aristotle were twoRead MoreAristotles Contributions to the World: An Analysis1368 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Aristotle Aristotle Introduction If liberty and equality, as is thought by some are chiefly to be found in democracy, they will be best attained when all persons alike share in the government to the utmost. Law is order, and good law is good order. Man is by nature a political animal. ~Aristotle Philosophers, historians, scientists, politicians and other professionals across many disciplines consider Aristotle to be one of the greatest and prolific figures of the civilization of AncientRead MoreSocrates s Quest Of Truth1337 Words   |  6 Pagespicks up where Socrates leaves off and comes up â€Å"with his metaphysical theory called the theory of forms.† (Socrates and Plato intro lecture 10) Plato separates reality into two spheres: one of appearance, which is a material world, and one of reality. Plato believes â€Å"in a transcendent world of eternal and absolute beings, corresponding to every kind of thing there is, and causing in particular things their essential nature.† (Miller 50) In other words, Plato believed for every particular and imperfectRead MoreAristotle s Influence On Western Culture1511 Words   |  7 PagesAristotle, a greek philosopher, educator, and scientist, is known to be one of the most significant, and influential thinkers in Western culture. Aristotle was born in 384 B.C. in Stagira, a little town in northern Greece. Stagira is a Greek-Speaking town on the coast of the peninsula of Chalcidice. His father, Nicomachus, was a doctor, member of the guild of the Asclepiadae, and court physician to Amyntas II, and then became the king of Macedonia. Aristotle s mother was Phaestis, she is knownRead MorePlato s Interpretation Of Utopia1630 Wo rds   |  7 PagesPlato and Aristotle shared many differences despite also sharing a teacher student relationship. This essay will strive to establish their understandings of reason and the role reason plays in their comprehensions of politics, differentiating between the kinds of reason and politics produced as a result. Plato is regarded as the first writer of political philosophy while Aristotle is recognised as the first political scientist. Plato’s interpretation of Utopia is founded upon the existence of threeRead MoreAristotle s Theory Of Virtue Ethics1095 Words   |  5 Pageswhole.† ― Aristotle, The Nicomachean Ethics Ethics is the philosophical study of moral judgements (Solomon: 2010). Moral philosophy has long been dominated by two basic theories; deontology, inspired by Immanuel Kant, the eighteenth century philosopher and; utilitarianism or consequentialism, which derives its modern day instructions from eighteenth and nineteenth century philosophers Jeremey Bentham and J. S. Mills, respectively (Hursthouse:1999). Increasing dissatisfaction with these theories and theirRead MoreAnalysis Of Aristotle s The Golden Mean 1109 Words   |  5 PagesPart 3 - Aristotle - The Golden Mean Aristotle was a greek philosopher that taught and stressed many important and revolutionary ideas/philosophies. He was born in 384 BC, and was a student of Plato, as well as founded/ taught at several academies. He wrote on diverse subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, logic, politics, government, and ethics. He contributed to almost every field of human knowledge in existence during his time, and he was the founder of many new fields. Aristotle was oneRead MoreAristotle s View Of Politics Essay1454 Words   |  6 Pagesorder to understand what Aristotle means when he says man is a Zoon politikon it is essential to understand the concept and reasoning behind his writings of The politics as a whole. This essay intends to discuss Aristotle s view of politics through the way in which he layers the fundamental concept of hierarchy of humans and natural societies to show that man by nature works for the common good. I will also discuss the conflicting views between the wo rks of both Aristotle and Hobbes in orderRead MoreAristotle s Contributions Of Western Philosophy1124 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the greatest classical Greek philosophers still known is Aristotle. His contributions to Western philosophy are in the areas of nature, nature, logic, metaphysics, the soul, morality, and politics. He was one of Plato’s students and studied under him for twenty years in the academy in Athens. He started to lecture about his on top of rhetoric. Aristotle became well known for his philosophies he began to tutor Phillip of Macedon son Alexander. After the death of Phillip’s, the school of platonicRead MoreAristotle s Influence On Modern Society1435 Words   |  6 Pagesthe pre-modern age in World History is Aristotle. Aristotle was a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He wrote on many different subjects, including physics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, biology and even zoology. Aristotle was one of the most important philosophers in Western thought, and was one of the first to systematize philosophy and science. Aristotle questioned the nature of the world and of human belief, knowledge

Communications and Soft Skills

Question: Describe the following points.. 1. Memo to Boss. 2. Memo to Upper Level Managers. 3. Agenda and Outline of Planned Activities and Desired Outcomes. 4. Problem regarding Technical Knowledge? Answer: 1: Memo to Boss In response to the first meeting regarding the project at the Midwest division of the company for upgrading the servers and database, initial findings from the project summary and planned next steps are provided in this memo. The company has a project that aims to upgrade the database and servers. In the present business environment database management and technological up gradation significantly contributes improving the efficiency of the organizational activities. Increased efficiency will assist in improving the organizational performance. Hence, it can be stated that this project will play a major role in achieving organizational goals and objectives (Bruce and Langdon, 2009). However, it has been found that the project has been encountering some major difficulties. After three months of the project, it has been found that deviation from the schedule and cost overrun are the significant issues. The director has provided me the project summary in order to take over the project. My aim will be achieving the project goal within the budgeted cost and within time. The duration of the project is six months and it can be ensured that it will be completed on time (Mehta, 2007). The initial findings from the project summary must be conveyed in order to outline the present scenario of the project. It has been already told that the project has been encountering some problems and cost overrun has been a major concern for the management (Carroll, 2009). Moreover, form the present status of the project; it can be found that it will be difficult to complete the project within the estimate time. Going through the project summary, it can be found that the budgeted cost for this six month project is $ 471,000. However, it has been estimated that the actual cost of project will be $530,750. From the budget spreadsheet it has been found that cost of purchasing hardware and software has been estimated to be higher (Heerkens, 2002). Moreover, the cost of maintaining the hardware and lease amount is significantly higher than the budgeted cost. Marks consulting company has been appointed for providing technical guidance and services. Initially, Mark Wimmer was the project manager and the budget was prepared accordingly. According to the divisional manager appointing new consulting company has led to increase in the cost of contract services. In the projected actual expenditure, cost of software maintenance and other miscellaneous cost have been increased slightly (Deeprose, 2002). Hence, analyzing the project summary the major reasons behind cost overrun has been identified. As the cost of the project has been exceeding the budget, it is important to make effective changes in the project design will be helpful in cutting cost. It is very important to identify the non-value adding steps that can be eliminated from the process and the cost can be reduced. Moreover, the delay in completion of the project is not desired (Carroll, 2009). The present status of the project clearly indicates that it will be very difficult to complete the project within six months or in the next three months. Hence, now plan must be developed in order to accelerate the pace o f the project though effective design (Clements and Gido, 2012). These are the major findings after reviewing the project summary. In this memo, the next planned steps will be briefly outlined. It has been identified that the major problem of the project is cost and time. The senior management is concerned about the overrun of the cost. Additionally, the present status of the project clearly indicates that the progress of the project is slower than estimated. Hence, the next target is to reduce the project cost and enhance the pace of the project in order to complete within time. Therefore, it has been planned to conduct a meeting with the Joyce Cutler, acting project manager for discussing regarding how the project will be carried out. For the past three months, Joyce Cutler has been managing the project and he can helps in identification of the major problems with the project. In this meeting the technical aspect of the project will be in order to recognize the weakness of the project. After that, another meeting must be conducted with the Marks consulting company for making the final project plan. In this mee ting the consulting company will provide technical assistance so that the efficiency of the project can be enhanced (Eric Kirkland, 2014). Moreover, the non-value adding steps will be eliminated and thus cost can be reduced. The major aim of the new project plan will be effective utilization of the resources so that the cost can be controlled (Gladden, 2013). Consulting with the experts, the final project plan will be developed for completing the activities within the estimated time and cost. 2: Memo to Upper Level Managers The company has decided to run a project at the Midwest division in order to upgrade the database and servers. The tenure of the project is six months which will start from January. Earlier, Mark Wimmer was appointed as the project manager, but he has resigned from this position and Marks consulting company has agreed to provide technical services and guidance in this project. After three months of the project the management has identified some issues in the up gradation project running in the Midwest division. It has been found that the project has been encountering major difficulties regarding cost and time. The project summary has depicted that the total cost of the project will exceed the budgeted cost. Moreover, the progress of the project does not seem to be satisfactory and it has been anticipated that the project cannot be completed within the estimated time, i.e. six months. However, it can be stated that there is significant scope to complete the project within budgeted cos t as well as time. In the following the major strengths of the project is outlined (Heagney, 2012). Management has expressed their doubt regarding the completion of the project on time and within the budget. Additionally, the effectiveness of the project has been questioned. As the new project manager of this project, I would like to highlight the strengths and potential of this project (Lech, 2013). Earlier, it was estimated that the project will cost $ 471,000. However, the projected actual cost has been estimated to be $ 530,750 by the divisional manager. Some alteration has been done to the initial project plan by consulting with the assistant project manager and Marks consulting company. Discussion with the Marks consulting company will help in development of the new project plan in which the non-value adding services will be eliminated (Hobbs, 2009). Thus the unnecessary steps can be eliminated which will helps in accelerating the ace of the project. Moreover, it will also help in effective utilization of the resources. The new project plan ensures that the project can be suc cessfully completed within six months. Marks consulting company has assured to provide all technical supports for the project and the consulting company has mailed a report in which it has been stated that the project can be completed by June. Moreover, the new project plan can be undertaken within the budgeted cost and the variance will not lead to exceed $ 500,000. This project will be significant for the users as it will upgrade the database and server. In the present dynamic business environment, database management plays a crucial role in success of the organizational activities. Up gradation of the servers and database will significantly contribute in improving the performance of the company. The company will have a sound technical system and managing data will be easier for the organization (Kerzner, 2001). Project aiming to upgrade the database and servers have significant implication for enhancing the efficiency of the company (Garton and McCulloch, 2012). It can be assured that the project will be completed within the budgeted cost and proposed time. Therefore, it is important to undertake the project as it will contribute significantly in the improvement of the organizational performance and it can completed within time and budgeted cost (Laslo and Gurevich, 2014). 3: Agenda and Outline of Planned Activities and Desired Outcomes In the next week I will travel to the site. It is important to prepare the agenda so that the site visiting can completed in a systematic manner. The major agendas of the visiting the project site has been listed below: Agenda: It is important to analyze the major objectives project before making any kind of alteration of the project plan. Hence, first agenda is to review the project goal and objectives by discussing with the acting project manager. Each project has specific set of performance evaluation criteria and these are used for assessing the progress and performance of the project so that required action can be taken. Second agenda is to analyze the performance criteria of the project along with assessment of the progress of the ongoing project (Levin, 2012). Next agenda is to review the existing project plan. A meeting will be held with the acting project manager for discussing all the relevant issues (Berkun and Berkun, 2008). The next agenda is to conduct a meeting with the representative of the Marks consulting firm. Therefore, a meeting will be held with the supervisor and senior technical expert (Lock, 2004). Review of the activities and identification of situation which may adversely impact the operations (Levin, 2012). Fixing date for next project visit (Lawson, 2006). Preparation of a report on the basis of the first site visit. Outline of Planned Activities Expected Accomplishments Visiting the site is one of the important activities for getting an overview of the actual situation of the project. The following activities will be carried out with specific expectations during the first site visit. Visiting the site along with the assistant project manager. It will help in getting an idea regarding the environment of the project and how people are engaged in the project activities (Young, 2010). It is very important as it will provide an insight regarding the actual working condition, issues confronted by the people engaged in the project and progress of the project (Wateridge, 2001). A meeting will be conducted with the assistant project manager and representative of the consulting firm. In these meetings, the aims and objectives of the project will be reviewed. Project plan must align with the aims and objectives of the project. Hence, it is very important analyze each objective (Maylor, 2010). Moreover, the progress of the project and the performance criteria will be discussed. Thus, the project manager as well as concerned people will get an insight regarding actual position as well as problems in the activities. It will help in identification of the issues and need for alteration. The representative of the consulting firm can propose some solutions and offer technical assistance for resolving the identified problems (Ahern, Leavy and Byrne, 2014). In this meeting the date for next site visit will be fixed. A meeting will be held with the supervisor to get a feedback regarding the performance of the people engaged in the project. It is very important to evaluate the performance of individuals and take necessary action for the people who do not meet the performance standard (Bedner and MacLennan, 2004). Therefore, a meeting will be held with the senior technical expert. In this meeting the technical progress of the project will be discussed. The reason behind delay in the project and cost overrunning will be analyzed (Wysocki, 2009). Moreover, in this meeting, any difficulty encountered by the people will be discussed (Young, 2010). Therefore, report must be prepared which will include the findings of the first site visit (Niebecker, Eager and Moulton, 2010). This document will include the findings and result of the site visit. 4: Problem regarding Technical Knowledge A meeting was held with Mark Wimmer and Joyce Cutler for discussing various problems encountered by the ongoing project for upgrading the database and servers. Meeting with Mark and Joyce has helped in identification of the major problems regarding the lack of technical knowledge by the business personnel. This problem has significant potential to affect the progress and effectiveness of the project (Wright, 2002). It is evident that the project is focused on up gradation of database and servers which requires significant technical knowledge (Tonnquist, 2008). It has been found that the technical people also require help from the business personnel for completing the project activities successfully. However, the business personnel do not have technical knowledge which creates a barrier in communication. Consequently, it affects the activity of the project and hinders the progress (Wateridge, 2001). In the meeting Mark and Joyce have emphasized on this issue as it has significant impa ct on the success of the ongoing project. Assessing the problem it has been found that the technical people are not getting adequate assistance from the business personnel who will be using the upgraded database and servers. The major reason is, business personnel do not have the relevant technical knowledge (Kliem, 2008). Hence, there is a communication problem among the technical experts and business personnel involved in this project (Levin, 2012). This problem must be resolved as it has a negative impact on the project. One of the easiest solutions is to provide training to the business personnel so that the communication problem can be mitigated. The business personnel can be trained in order to understand the basic technical knowledge so that they can support the technical people for making the project success (Weinstein and Jaques, 2010). However, it must be noted that conducting a training program for the business personnel involved in the project will require time as well as capital resources. Hence, it can be stated that the cost of the project will be enhanced (Patel, 2008). In order to solve the problem, the company can conduct an internal training program which will help in lowering the cost (Smith, 2008). Effective communication must be facilitated among the business personnel and technical experts (Wateridge, 2001). Two way communications is important for the success of the project (Rai and Rai, 2009). Once the busi ness personnel get relevant technical knowledge they can provide significant assistance to the technical experts. These strategies will be helpful in managing the current issues in the project (George Ana, 2010). References 1. Ahern, T., Leavy, B. and Byrne, P. (2014). Complex project management as complex problem solving: A distributed knowledge management perspective. International Journal of Project Management, 32(8), pp.1371-1381.2. Bedner, N. and MacLennan, J. (2004). Problem-possibility-pursuit- presentation portfolio project.Communication Teacher, 18(3), pp.102-105.3. Berkun, S. and Berkun, S. (2008). Making things happen. Beijing: O'Reilly.4. Bruce, A. and Langdon, K. (2009). Project management. London: Dorling Kindersley.5. Carroll, J. (2009). Project management. Southam, Warwickshire, England: Easy Steps Ltd.6. Clements, J. and Gido, J. (2012). Effective project management. Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning.7. Crick, J. (2014). Effective team communication. In Practice, 36(2), pp.96-98.8. Deeprose, D. (2002). Project management. Oxford, U.K.: Capstone Pub.9. Eric Kirkland, C. (2014). Project Management: A Problem-Based Approach. Project Management Journal, 45(1), pp.e3-e3.10. Garton, C. and McCulloch, E. (2012). Fundamentals of Technology Project Management. Chicago: MC Press.11. Garton, C. and McCulloch, E. (2012). Fundamentals of Technology Project Management. Chicago: MC Press.12. George Ana, S. (2010). Managing Organizational Culture for Effective Communication. The Social Sciences, 5(2), pp.70-75.13. Gladden, R. (2013). Project Management for Flat Organizations: Cost Effective Steps to Achieving Successful Results. Project Management Journal, 44(6), pp.e4-e4.14. Heagney, J. (2012). Fundamentals of project management. New York: American Management Association.15. Heerkens, G. (2002). Project management. New York: McGraw-Hill.16. Hobbs, P. (2009). Project management. London: Dorling Kindersley.17. Hunt, G. (1985). Effective communication. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.18. Kerzner, H. (2001). Project management. New York: John Wiley.19. Kliem, R. (2008). Effective communications for project management. Boca Raton: Auerbach Publications.20. Laslo, Z. a nd Gurevich, G. (2014). ENHANCING PROJECT ON TIME WITHIN BUDGET PERFORMANCE BY IMPLEMENTING PROPER CONTROL ROUTINES. ManageFon, 19(72), pp.53-69.21. Lawson, K. (2006). Successful project management. Hauppauge, N.Y.: Barron's Educational Series, Inc.22. Lech, P. (2013). Time, Budget, And Functionality?IT Project Success Criteria Revised. Information Systems Management, 30(3), pp.263-275.23. Levin, G. (2012). Enterprise Project Governance: A Guide to the Successful Management of Projects Across the Organization. Project Management Journal, 44(1), pp.107-107.24. Levin, G. (2012). Enterprise Project Governance: A Guide to the Successful Management of Projects Across the Organization. Project Management Journal, 44(1), pp.107-107.25. Lock, D. (2004). Project management in construction. Aldershot: Gower.26. Lockwood, J. (2014). Virtual team management: what is causing communication breakdown?.Language and Intercultural Communication, 15(1), pp.125-140.27. Maier, E. and Branzei, O. (2014). On time and on budget: Harnessing creativity in large scale projects. International Journal of Project Management, 32(7), pp.1123-1133.28. Maylor, H. (2010). Project management. Harlow, England: Financial Times Prentice Hall.29. Mehta, R. (2007). Project management. Jaipur: Aavishkar Publishers.30. Niebecker, K., Eager, D. and Moulton, B. (2010). Collaborative and crossà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ company project management within the automotive industry using the Balanced Scorecard. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 3(2), pp.328-337.31. Patel, V. (2008). Project management. Jaipur, India: Oxford Book Co.32. Rai, U. and Rai, S. (2009). Effective communication. Mumbai [India]: Himalaya Pub. House.33. Richman, L. and Richman, L. (2011). Successful project management. New York: American Management Association.34. Smith, N. 2008). Engineering project management. Oxford: Blackwell.35. Tonnquist, B. (2008). Project management. Stockholm: Bonnier Utbildning.36. Wateridge, J. (2001 ). Successful Project Management. International Journal of Project Management, 19(3), p.191.37. Wateridge, J. (2001). Successful Project Management. International Journal of Project Management, 19(3), p.191.38. Weinstein, J. and Jaques, T. (2010). Achieving project management success in the federal government. Vienna, Va.: Mangement Concepts.39. Wright, J. (2002). Effective Project Management. International Journal of Project Management, 20(8), p.633.40. Wysocki, R. (2009). Effective project management. Indianapolis, IN: Wiley Pub.41. Young, T. (2010). Successful project management. London: Kogan Page.42. Young, T. (2010). Successful project management. London: Kogan Page.

The Swimming Lesson free essay sample

Dad said, â€Å"since the creek was not very deep we would just wade across. †Always eager to play in the cold water I agreed and followed as he walked into the creek. After just a few steps the water was up to my waist and I was starting to get nervous. Then another step or two brought the water up to my chest and I stopped and held my arms up for dad to carry me. Used to having him heed my request to be picked up any time I raised my arms, I was surprised when he took a step back and told me to â€Å"just let my feet float to the top and swim to me. Since he was only an arms length away, I laughed and did as he asked. Then surprisingly he took another step backward and told me to paddle with my hands, kick with my feet and just keep swimming. We will write a custom essay sample on The Swimming Lesson or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He took another step backward, then another and another and before I realized what was happening I had crossed the creek. Excited, I yelled, â€Å"i can swim! I want to do it again! † And we did. I must have crossed that creek 10 or 12 times that afternoon. Dad was walking alongside, showing me how to dog paddle, then how to do an overhand stroke, float on my back and even hold my breath. That afternoon I was sure I had accomplished something great. I had to have a lot more lessons before I was allowed to swim in any water that was over my head. Learning how to swim made me love that cold water in the creek even more. Now being much older every time I have cooled off in the lake, river or pool, I have been grateful for that afternoon. I will always remember the swimming lesson dad gave me.

beauty and the beast gender roles essays

beauty and the beast gender roles essays Beauty and the Beast is a wonderful childrens movie, its directed by: Gary Trousdale, and Kirk Wise, and produced by: Don Hahn. Disney is the main sponsor and gives the movie the best cast of artist and musicians. Who would except anything else from Disney, they are the best at childrens films. At the same time, Disney succeeds in teaching our children a very vital lesson in life, how good looks and fame is not the key to true love. Which is created throughout the movie of Beauty and the Beast released in 1991 with the most sincere reviews and touching style. Consequently, the movie exploits a great deal of feminism and chauvinistic ways unexcitable to this day and ages of the nineties. Marian Belle is the main character, she lives with her father who is considered by the town a loony man therefore, Belle is also looked upon the town as being a little out of the ordinary. Even so, she is the most beautiful girl in the town, her name means beauty and it is shown with her wonderful appearance throughout the duration of the movie. Gaston a very courageous and dignified worrier, who is in love with Belle and wishes to marry her. Moreover every women and man in the town look up to him and would do anything for him. Nonetheless, Belle sees right through his beauty and recognizes him as a mean and conceded fool who does not know how to love. Meanwhile there is a prince in a near by castle who wakes up to a widow knocking on his door. When he answers she offers him a rose for shelter out of the cold. When he consistently said no the widow turned into a prices. He tried to apologize but it was too late. The curse of the flower turned him into a beast. Consequently, the curs e can not be broken until he finds a woman to love him from within instead of just his outside appearance. Little does the audience know that feminism is displayed throughout the entire movie, for example Belle is walking through town one day and I noticed v...

Black Inventors and Their Patent Numbers

Black Inventors and Their Patent Numbers There have been many famous African American Inventors who have altered history due to their advancements to fields such as education, science, agriculture, and communication. There are over twenty African American inventors listed below including the unique patent number(s) assigned to their  inventions. William B Abrams #450,550, 4/14/1891Abrams developed the Hame Attachments Part for a draft horses collar. This is  a curved hinge worn on any side of the mouth of a horse or other working animal, such as a cow or pig, that holds the mouth bit to better help the animal in the field.   Elijah Abron #7,037,564, 5/2/2006Abron created substrate sheets with a removable strip that helped to bind papers together. Christopher P. Adams #5,641,658, 6/24/1997Adams put together a method for performing amplification of nucleic acid with two primers bound to a single solid support. This is useful in several ways, for example, for  hybridization assays. James S Adams #1,356,329, 10/19/1920Adams allowed for airplane propelling means.  This created the opportunity for blades to rotate parallel to airflow, in order to lessen a possible drag, if an engine failure were to occur. George Edward Alcorn #4,172,004, 10/23/1979Alcorn developed a method for forming dense dry etched multi-level metallurgy with non-overlapped vias.#4,201,800, 5/6/1980Alcorn also created a hardened photoresist master image mask process.#4,289,834, 9/15/1981Alcorn is responsible for developing a dense dry etched multi-level metallurgy with non-overlapped vias.#4,472,728, 9/18/1984In this patent, Alcorn created an imaging X-ray spectrometer.#4,543,442, 9/24/1985Alcorn developed the GaAs Schottky barrier photo-responsive device and method of fabrication.#4,618,380, 10/21/1986Another patent by Alcorn included the method of fabricating an imaging X-ray spectrometer. Nathaniel Alexander #997,108, 7/4/1911Nathaniel Alexander created the first folding chair for use in churches, school, and group gatherings. Ralph W Alexander #256,610, 4/18/1882This method of planting allowed each hill of two, three or four seeds to be the same distance. This cultivated rows in various directions and also kept a field weedless. Winser Edward Alexander #3,541,333, 11/17/1970Alexander developed a system for enhancing fine detail in thermal photographs; his research furthered expertise in the area of digital signal processing. Charles William Allen #613,436, 11/1/1898Allen created the self-leveling table. This allows for table stabilization and prevents wobbling. Floyd Allen #3,919,642, 11/11/1975Allen provided a low-cost telemeter for monitoring a battery and DC voltage converter power supply. James B. Allen #551,105, 12/10/1895Allen developed a clothes-line support. Modern-Day clothesline support is often adjustable and keeps lines secure to prevent sagging and dipping. James Matthew Allen #2,085,624, 6/29/1937Allen put together a remote control apparatus designed for radio receiving sets. John H Allen #4,303,938, 12/1/1981Allen created a pattern generator for simulating image generation. John S Allen #1,093,096, 4/14/1914Allen developed a package-tie  to strap and secure packages. Robert T Allen #3,071,243, 1/1/1963Allen is responsible for the vertical coin counting tube patent. Tanya R Allen #5,325,543, 7/5/1994Allen developed the undergarment with a pocket for releasably securing an absorbent pad. Virgie M. Ammons #3,908,633, 9/30/1975Ammons invented the fireplace damper actuating tool. Alexander P Ashbourne #163,962, 6/1/1875Ashbourne put together a process for preparing coconut.#170,460, 11/30/1875Ashbourne also developed a biscuit cutter.#194,287, 8/21/1877Along with preparation, Ashbourne developed a process of treating coconut.#230,518, 7/27/1880Ashbourne is responsible for the refining coconut oil patent. Moses T. Asom #5,386,126, 1/31/1995Asom developed semiconductor devices based on optical transitions between quasibound energy levels. Marc Auguste #7,083,512, 8/1/2006Auguste invented a coin and token organizing, holding and dispensing apparatus.

12-day chase for Lincoln's killer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

12-day chase for Lincoln's killer - Essay Example David Herold helped Lewis Powell into the house of Secretary for State William H. Seward and later fled due to the commotion and rendezvoused with John Wikes Booth outside Washington. John Surratt was a friend of John Wilkes Booth while Mrs. Mary Surratt was his mother. She ran the boarding house where the conspiracy to murder Lincoln and other officials was hatched. George Atzerodt was supposed to kill the Vice President Andrew Johnson but was unable to muster the courage to do so. He spent the evening drinking instead. Lewis Powell entered the house of William H. Seward in hopes of killing him but failed to do so. James W. Pumphrey arranged the horse used by Wilkes to escape from the theatre after assassinating Lincoln. Wilkes hopes to decimate the leadership of the Union by assassinating the top three officials in the government. He believed that this would buy the Confederacy some time to react. 2. Jones’s hid both John Wilkes Booth and David Herold for a full five days in Zekiah Swamp that was near his house. Later he gave them provisions to cross the Potomac River. Thomas Jones was a Confederate supporter so he hid John Wilkes Booth and David Herold. However, as the manhunt gained momentum, Thomas Jones felt it necessary to move the assassins to another location. 3. The Washington Press labelled Booth as a villain and a coward among other deplorable and condescending names. However, Booth noted in his journal that no matter what the newspapers said, he had acted boldly and would not repent on his actions.

Religion And Its Effect on Medical Decisions Essay

Religion And Its Effect on Medical Decisions - Essay Example The author of the essay "Religion And Its Effect on Medical Decisions" believes that religion is an impactful force in the lives of many individuals, it undoubtedly impacts medical decisions. Health issues such as life, death, abortion, chemotherapy, etc have attracted religious arguments. At most instances, medical decisions are taken in accordance with the religious beliefs in order to avoid moral clashes. However, at many places, religion and medical decisions have conflicted to culminate in inhibited health care. The case of Adam Lovell is an example of when his parents let their religious convictions to risk the life of their two and a half year old son (Novotny, Perkin, and Orr). At the end of the essay the author comes to a conclusion. He sums up that medical decisions are impacted by various factors many of which are influenced by religion and spirituality. Also, the religious orientation and inclination of patients and their families are central factors that dominate the level of religiosity impacting medical decisions. The notion that religious individuals tend to go for life extending treatments is not generally true as willingness varies from person to person. Also, for serious illnesses and diseases such as cancer, the health care professionals may not consider religion as a priority for decision making as opposed to life saving scenarios that involve a greater focus on clinical recommendations than religion. That said, religion still dominates medical decisions as many patients are more religiously inclined.

Fifth Element of Game Theory Essay Example for Free

Fifth Element of Game Theory Essay As each of the competing companies watchfully study the moves made by the others in the same industry they all belong to, they sometimes end up deciding to just do the best they can to win the biggest share in the market – without spending more time focusing of the others. This direction, when taken by the industry players, results to the occurrence of â€Å"Nash equilibrium. † (Economics 11th Edition by Richard G. Lipsey Paul N. Courant, UK: HarperCollins College Publishers, 1996) The above graph illustrates the Nash equilibrium and the optimum result that it leads to (Osborne, An Introduction to Game Theory). As opposed to how badly things may end up for the competing players, Nash equilibrium brings in profitable results for everybody. As opposed to getting stuck with the â€Å"prisoner’s dilemma† or the â€Å"pride game†, companies in this scenario have individually opted to stick to the strategies that they believe will work and will hand them the market dominance that will secure their place as the industry leader. Effects of Equilibrium Equilibrium brings balance to the economy – whether long- or short-lived. As a temporary phase that may or may not be maintained, equilibrium occurs when there is no tendency for change in the decisions of the economic entities regarding their products and services, the price and volume that they will supply, and the demand segment that they will target. (Lipsey Courant 510) Equilibrium comes in different forms as prevailing circumstances vary. â€Å"In the macroeconomic goods market, equilibrium occurs when planned aggregate expenditure is equal to aggregate output. † Thus, the volume that the suppliers has made available in the market is the same volume that buyers will actually buy. Meanwhile, equilibrium in the financial markets is attained when the supply of money is equal to the demand for money (Case Fair 67). In this setting, qualified borrowers find that there are loans that they can avail. In the same setting, financial institutions are able to use in their operations the idle cash in their coffers – they issue loans to maximize their income from lending activities. Equilibrium has been thoroughly explored as a concept and has been attributed with all kinds of applications arising from distinct circumstances and conclusions. It is not surprising that there evolved a specialized branch of game theory called â€Å"General Equilibrium Theory† which is widely used in analyzing the public and private sectors of the economy. (David Levine website) Freddie Mac in the Game Theory Freddie Mac never had to ward off many competitors in the industry. As one of the two giants –the other one being Fannie Mae – serving the country’s secondary mortgage market, the gaming area has turned out to be definitely spacious. Indeed, there is the entire USA as the territory to be serviced and there come the banks to take care of dealing with them – then there come Freddie Mac, Fanny Mae and Ginny to pour in the needed financial resources. With Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae issuing or guaranteeing a total of $5. 4 trillion in outstanding mortgage debt, these two companies practically make up the entire mortgage industry. Furthermore, they are equipped with all the needed ammunition for winning: Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac have indisputable strong points. Due to the implied backing of the United States government, they enjoy virtually unlimited access to the capital markets at funding costs that are below market. They pay no local taxes, only national. Each has enjoyed tremendous growth and profitability. As the biggest issuers of mortgage-backed securities and corporate securities in the world, the biggest buyers and hedgers of the securities in the world, and, not least, the source of liquidity for more than 75% of conventional and conforming home mortgages extended in this country, it could be argued that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are about as central to the American capital markets as the Treasury Department. (Annaly webstie) (Source: World Socialist website) Indeed, with their coveted roles as providers of a continuing supply of money for the banking institutions engaged in retail lending to the multitudes, Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae own the game. As competitors offering the same products and services, enjoying the same rare privileges and dealing with the same clients, Freddie Mac and Fannie May have consistently been like identical twins – though Fannie May turns out to be decades older than Freddie Mac. With each one of them keen on beating the other, the strategies and packages they resorted to turned out to work for both of them, at least during the booming growth years of the industry. Consistent with the Nash equilibrium concept, a report that came out in the Spring of 2002 showed that fully one-half of 2002’s 1. 2% gain in real GDP growth was brought on by the housing activities across the country. (Annaly website) Freddie Mac and Fannie May have been playing the Nash Equilibrium game. In such a game as theirs, â€Å"players play the best they can given their beliefs, and they have learned all there is to learn about their opponent’s play† (David Levine website). Works Cited Osborne, Martin. An Introduction to Game Theory. Oxford University Press, 2002. Lipsey, Richard Courant, Paul. Economics 11th Edition. New York: HarperCollins College Publishers, 1996. Case, Karl Fair, Ray. Principles of Economics 8th Edition. Prentice Hall, 2007. Levine, David. What is Game Theory? Department of Economic, UCLA. 29 October 2008 http://levine. sscnet. ucla. edu/general/whatis. htm#General%20equilibrium%20theory Annaly. com Website. FAQs on Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, 29 October 2008 http://www. annaly. com/ie/ffmfaq. html World Socialist Web Site. The Importance of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. 29 October 2008 http://www. wsws. org/articles/2008/jul2008/debt-j25. shtml

Elaeagnus Angustifolia and Tamarix Ramossisima :: Agriculture Plants Environment Essays Papers

Elaeagnus Angustifolia and Tamarix Ramossisima Introduction The topic that is going to be discussed is the Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) and the Salt cedar (Tamarix ramossisima). Both of these species are noxious weeds that are also non-native plants that were brought over from Europe. Both of these subjects history, where they originated, and where they occupy will be covered. Also both of their economic advantages as well as their disadvantages will also be discussed. Salt Cedar The salt cedar is believed to have originated from southern Europe, the Mediterranean region, the Middle East, and Africa. Out of the 54 species known worldwide eight of them preside and have been introduced into the U.S... A brief description of this species is that it can grow up to 5 to 20 feet tall. The reason for the great distance in size is because they are divided into two groups, which are similar to the evergreen tree or a deciduous shrubby type species. It was mainly used as an ornamental landscaping plant on the sides of roads. The reason why this tree was chosen is because of its ability to survive in a variety of areas and because it is very adaptable and tolerant. However, because of some of these traits it also ended up becoming a hassle. Other traits that make it a lot of trouble is it is able to produce rapidly from hundreds to thousands of seeds being dispersed. These seeds are numerous but what makes the matter worse is that after being exposed to moisture it only takes the seedling 24 hours to germinate making it able to reproduce at an astounding rate. Which means more plants competing in an ecosystem that has been changed to the salt cedar conditions. This is done by the salt cedar through its glands that release salts in its leaves and younger stems that when they fall to the ground it makes the soil no to the standards of many of the other species of plants in the area reducing diversity in the area. They are also less tolerable to fire, which causes them to burn easier and allows the fire to spread in a wider area. However, the advantage they have over the other plants after this occurs is that they are able to recover faster than other species because they have become better adapted to fires. The ones that grow near streams and other water sources narrow channels causing an increase in the water flow, which can eventually lead to flooding.

Modern Day Hero Essay

When you head the word ‘hero’ most people picture a buff man, wearing a cape; like Superman and Batman. A hero can be anyone from a family member to someone in the community. I believe my mother can be portrayed as a hero. She volunteers in her spare time, is a teacher, and is a friend to everyone she meets. My mother has a tendency to volunteer for anything, but it’s usually within the school she works at. Before we moved here, she was head of the P.T.A., always finding ways to raise money for the school. She even got a new playground for the school so the kids could enjoy recess without having to worry about injuries. She has also organized many walk-a-thons for kids with Autism at her school. She takes action and is really god in what she does. My mother is also a teacher. She teaches kids with Autism, which I think is great. Especially because she has a lot of patience with those kids. She teaches each kids one-on-one, at their own pace. She takes her time to make sure that each student has an understanding of what is going on. She also makes a connection to her students’ families, and makes sure the parents are involved with their child. She is really good at what she does. My mother can befriend anyone she meets. You can be a complete stranger and she will compliment you, no matter what. This one time we were at shopping at the mall when we saw this lady drop $100 on the floor. My initial thought was to keep it, but then my mother picked it up and gave it back to the lady. In return, the lady brought us all a coffee. Leason being, what goes around comes around. Most people think of hero’s as someone famous and important. I believe my mother is a hero for many reasons. She’s a teacher, can befriend a complete stranger, and loves to volunteer. In my eyes, my mother is what I call a hero.

How Relevant is Reith’s Idea of Public Service Broadcasting in Relation to Contemporary Television? Essay

The beginning of the 20th century saw the dawn of a new form of power. A means to communicate with thousands, and eventually millions of people simultaneously, to convey your ideas across a whole nation in a matter of seconds. This power was broadcasting. Broadcasting at the time was seen as a public utility, and as the wave spectrum was limited, the government got involved in its distribution. It decided the best way to fund broadcasting was a license fee. A British Broadcasting Company (which in 1927 would become the British Broadcasting Corporation) was formed, and on November 14th 1922, after over a million ten-shilling licenses were sold, it started transmissions. The first managing director of this company was John Reith, a Scotsman with a background in engineering. When he signed up for the job he did not even know what broadcasting meant, and yet he would very soon shape the future of broadcasting in Britain for the next 80 years. In 1925, for the Crawford report, Reith was asked for his opinion on broadcasting. He came up with several ideas about it, ideas that are still in use to this very day. He also came up with this phrase: Public Service Broadcasting. Reith believed that broadcasting should be a public service. It was overseen by the government, controlled by the General Post Office, and paid for by the people who used it. As a public service, public service broadcasting (PSB) should have an ethos, and Reith put forth some ideas that would stay in the PSB charter (and in the BBC’s mission statement) for years to come. One of the utmost concerns of Reith was that PSB had to educate as well as inform. Not only did the BBC have to relate events as they happened but also to educate the masses with science, nature or history programming. We must not forget that in the 1920’s most of the BBC’s listeners would not have had any real education past the age of 14. Another of Reith’s priorities was that all that possessed a wireless anywhere in Great Britain, be it in the center of London or the far end of the Hebrides, could access the BBC’s services. This universality of access would ensure that wherever you lived, you would have the same opportunities to be informed and educated by the BBC, thus putting the whole population on equal terms. Important to Reith as well was the public sector status that the BBC should have. That way it was not run for some anonymous shareholders who would only be interested in higher dividends, but in fact financed by the people who actually listened to it and later watched it. This would ensure that the quality of the programs was rewarded, rather than fulfilling the agenda of a handful of bankers. The BBC also had to lead popular taste rather than follow it. As Richard Hooper, chair of the radio authority said, the BBC had to offer â€Å"the Reithian ‘what audiences need’ not just ‘what audiences want'†. The corporation’s task was to innovate and give the public new areas of thought to explore. However in doing so, the BBC had to remain popular, as it was still the people paying for the programmes productions. The BBC also had to promote social and national unity, making programmes that catered for minority groups, and as the same time, sending out an image of national identity that all these groups could relate to together, thus creating national unity, a difficult task in the United Kingdom which has an â€Å"immensely varied national identity† (John Birt, director general of the BBC 1998) The promotion of democracy was also a major issue, and this was put to the test during the 1926 general strikes. The result was seen as inconclusive by some as Reith only allowed the prime minister to have his say and not the opposing parties. His arguments were that the BBC is the people’s service and the government was the people’s choice, so the BBC backed the government. But above all, Reith wanted the BBC programming to be of exceptionally high standards, and this at every level. The engineering had to be of very high quality, as did the programs. The information contained in them had to be accurate and up to date. â€Å"Our responsibility is to carry into the greatest number of homes everything that is best in every department of human knowledge, endeavour and achievement.†(Lord Reith). Reith also wanted a high moral tone to be respected at all times. Dress codes had to be respected when broadcasting, even if the BBC only produced radio programs at the time. Reith stopped a divorcee violinist playing on the BBC, as divorce was not in accordance with the moral tone of the BBC. Reith had very precise ideas about how he thought public service broadcasting should be run. These ideas were turned into the mission statement of the BBC. However this ethos was thought up nearly 80 years ago. Those 80 years have seen a lot of changes; changes in society that makes our contemporary lifestyle very different from life in the 1920’s. Are Reith’s ideas of public service broadcasting relevant to contemporary television? Can we apply the same ideas we did 80 years ago to media today, or are we forced to modify them? Or even change them completely? Some of Reith’s ideas are actually still applicable to contemporary public service broadcasting, and are still a part of PSB’s ethos. However with the arrival of satellite TV, speciality channels, otherwise known as narrowcasting, some of his ideas seem more difficult to apply to contemporary television. We know have in England four analogue public service broadcasting channels: BBC1, BBC2, Channel 4 and Channel 5. Even though the two latter ones do carry advertising, they are still public service broadcasting channels, in comparison to ITV, which is privately owned. There are some PSB digital channels being rolled out by the BBC, like BBC choice (soon to be replaced by BBC3), Cbeebies, a children’s channel, BBC4 and a learning zone channel). However these are not yet widely available, as not many households possess digital receivers yet. Let us look at the â€Å"terrestrial† channels, and how they measure up to Reith’s ideas. Firstly Reith wanted to inform and educate. BBC1 carries the BBC’s news bulletins as well as documentaries and educational programs. BBC2 carries a lot of educational programs for children in the mornings, many factual programs during peak time in the evening, and learning zone at night. Channel4 also has educational and factual programs but only one news program albeit of high quality. Channel 5 has short news bulletins on the hour every hour and â€Å"super serves for the pre-school age group† (C5 corporate web site).However, these do not make up the most of these channels’ programming grid. The majority of it is filled with dramas, soaps, gameshows and films. The BBC, as do channel 4 and channel 5 now set out to educate, inform and entertain and not necessarily in that order. However a technique known as hammocking which consists of putting a â€Å"low rating† show in between two â€Å"high rating† ones does try and educate us: having finished wa tching one show and waiting for the other, we can learn about the life of wild flies in Africa for instance. Unfortunately, in the days of cable and satellite, when people have scores of channels to chose from, research shows that viewers tend to change over to other channels rather than watching these shows. The competition between the PSB channels and cable or satellite TV is forcing PSB to include more entertainment. Reith wanted PSB to be accessible all over Great Britain. The BBC and C4 have met these requirements. However C5 has not. The reception of this channel is very irregular: good in some areas (depending on the weather), bad in some others, and non-existent in a few areas. Channel 5 is trying to remedy this by being carried by many different technologies: cable, satellite and digital, but not everyone has this diversity of receivers. Public sector status was also one of Reith’s priorities, as it meant independence. The BBC has the same status as it did when it was launched, however it has been forced to start selling its shows abroad to make profits. Channel 4 and channel 5 have both public sector status. Even though they carry advertising, they do not have to report to a board of shareholders. Public service broadcasting had to lead popular taste. The BBC, true to its nature still does, with a wider variety of innovating shows. Channel 4 prides itself as being an innovative and experimental channel, and it does offer us some shows that make us think, even at the cost of risking heavy criticism. This happened in 2001 when a spoof news show â€Å"Brass eye† offended many viewers while trying to make a serious point. Channel 5’s programming however resembles more the private commercial channels’, using lowest common denominator programming. Reith wanted PSB to promote national and social unity, to cater for minority groups, and also to establish a sense of identity. The BBC still caters for many minority groups, showing a wide variety of different genres, from opera ( a typically low rating program) to The Simpsons. Channel 4 carries a very wide spectrum of shows catering for many different minorities: a few years ago it shocked the nation by showing the first totally gay drama â€Å"queer as folk†, but it shows more the different communities in Britain rather than establishing a national unity. The promotion of democracy was also among Reith’s ideas. This is done by the BBC with party political broadcasts, or news shows and satirical takes on the British politics. However occasionally the BBC, especially in times coming up to it’s licence renewal, has been said to favour the government in place at the time, to be sure it’s licence would be renewed as it would like it to be. Channel 4 promotes democracy in the form of documentaries and current affairs programs. One of the most important aspect of Reith’s vision of public service broadcasting was high standards and a high moral tone throughout. High standards for the BBC and channel 4 are usually met. The quality not only of programming but also of the production is one of the highest in Europe. Channel 5’s programming however could not be called high standard. Reith demanded high moral tone. The director general of the BBC John Birt told this anecdote about the BBC under Reith in a speech he made in 1998 to celebrate the 75 years of the corporation: When the most popular comedians of their day, Clapham and Dwyer, had cracked a seaside-postcard joke (which does not quite – I warn you – stand the test of time) ‘What’s the difference between a baby and a champagne cork? One’s got the maker’s name on its bottom’ – they were banned from radio and an apology was broadcast on the Nine O’clock News for their grave lapse of taste. This shows that moral tone has changed in 80 years, and that if PSB were to observe the same moral code as in the 1930’s, TV would not be credible. This kind of tone can only be found in comedy shows like â€Å"Harry Enfield and chums† where we see two characters observing this code. Nowadays, if PSB is to cater for all minorities, the moral code has to change: if any of the public service channels banned a violinist as Reith did because she was a divorcee, they would be fined by regulations authorities. Our society has become much more tolerant, and public service broadcasting reflects this on all channels. Most of Reith’s ideas about PSB are relevant to contemporary PSB channels. However commercial channels do not abide by these ethics. Graham Murdock said that â€Å"audiences are addressed by PSB as citizens, not consumers† as they are by commercial channels. The aim of these channels it to make as much money as they can through advertising, and to achieve this they need ratings. This compromises on quality and does not allow them to do things that PSB can and must: address audiences that advertisers are not interested in, thus catering for everyone. The future is bringing a new challenge: digital channels. These will be able to target much more precise audiences: catering for minorities or better aimed advertising? Only time will tell, but if PSB has managed to survive 80 years, with changes as radical as the introduction of TV, there is no reason to think it will not survive in the digital age. Auntie is here to stay. BIBLIOGRAPHY Articles: A.C. Grayling The man who made the BBC (Financial times 8.10.93) Paul Valley Lost in a moral maze (Independent 26.03.96) Great Scots: lord Reith (Sunday herald 19.12.99) Books: Branston and Stafford (2001) Media student’s book second edition Internet: BBCi http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/743171.stm http://www.bbc.co.uk/thenandnow/history/1920s-1.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/info/news/news245.htm http://www.bbc.co.uk/info/news/ieelecture.htm http://www.bbc.co.uk/thenandnow/educate_home.shtml Channel 4 http://www.channel4.com/about_c4/promises_2001/promises_intro2.html Cultsock http://www.cultsock.ndirect.co.uk/MUHome/cshtml/media/peacock.html Radio authority http://www.radioauthority.org.uk/newsroom/speeches/archive/A%20Sound%20View%20of%20Public%20Service%20Broadcasting%20-%2029.1.htm

Social Problems Essay Example

Social Problems Essay Example Social Problems Essay Social Problems Essay There are many social problems that teenagers go threw. Drugs and Teenagers Drug use is the increasing problem among teenagers in today’s high schools. Most drug use begins in the preteen and teenage years, these years most crucial in the maturation process. During these years adolescents are faced with difficult tasks of discovering their self identity, clarifying their sexual roles, assenting independence, learning to cope with authority and searching for goals that would give their lives meaning. Drugs are readily, adolescents are curious and venerable, and there is peer pressure to experiment, and there us a temptation to escape from conflicts. The use of drugs by teenagers is the result of a combination of factors such as peer pressure, curiosity, and availability. Drugs addiction among adolescents in turn leads to depression and suicide. One of the most important reasons of teenage drug usage is peer pressure. Peer pressure represents social influences that effect adolescents, it can have a positive or a negative effect, depending on person’s social group and one can follow one path of the other. We are greatly influenced by the people around us. Another teenagers social problem is unwanted pregnancy at the age of sixteen or seventeen. There should be held classes in every school, about sexual encounters. Improving communication about sexuality to children might change some of the formed ideas that kids have. Besides the fact that girls can end up pregnant if they don`t use protection, there is also the possibility of taking sexually transmitted diseases. Most of the parents don`t explain to their children what is the deal with sex because they just assume that they already know. Because there are so many movies teenagers can form an idea. Well it`s best to talk to your child like from a friend to a friend. Also , teenagers can become friends with all the wrong people. Most of them want to be liked so much that they hang out with more bigger kids that steal, go in clubs, drink and crash parties. Because this is the period when teenagers are very easy to convince they start doing the same things. After this period of rebellion ends, things will settle down. Social problems Essay Example Social problems Essay Social problems Essay One out of every six American women has been the victims of an attempted or completed rape in their lifetime. Rape is a crime that must be shot from extending its tentacles of agony to innocent women. Rape and suicide have recently become two almost inseparable partners which have constituted serious concern to social analysts and commentators on the violence against women. It is pathetic to know that human beings can become so callous that they would expose others to the sufferings that characterize the after-effects of rape and suicide. This callosity has consistently created a great deal of trauma for the victims of such violent acts; their lives never remain the same and they forever carry the deep-hurts against culprits and usually detached from the rest of the world. All individuals, organizations and all governments must rise up to this crisis, and fight it until culprits are prosecuted and others deterred from such crime.SOCIAL HISTORY OF RAPE AND SUICIDEIn a society that is undergoing character deterioration, what do you except? In a nation that has enormous emphasis on freedom, license and personal ‘liberty’ rights, what is next? Incidences of suicide and rape are rather increasing as a result of the generalized deterioration of values in the society. The advent of moral relativism has opened an avenue for all kinds of immorality and violence in our society; these things are raising more concerns for the general public.This is even now even traceable to similar crimes in secondary and high schools. Besides, there have also been reports that such depict a state of the society with respect to sexual promiscuity that is prevalent, the rising awareness and interest in almost or even naked ‘adamic’ dressing styles prevalent nowadays. Of note also are the activities of cult groups that encourage their members to engage in such unholy acts in order to climb higher the order of significance. Such groups also make it a duty to engage in other crimes as ways of patriotism to the Leader and as acts of ‘manhood’. What makes matters is that such groups are sponsored by highly placed personalities, who may also be involved in the eradication of the crime from the society.INCIDENCES OF RAPE AND SUICIDE AND THE MEDIARape has been a confidential issue, and as such only few cases and identities of victims are portrayed unless the victims I bold enough to accept the invitation of publicity. Many have only become aware by news, police reports and most importantly by entertainment media like movies and songs. The movie industry has done quite well in portraying the crime of rape and the aftermath of some as suicide, in real lights.New cases emerge everyday; about three rape cases take place every minute. Some of these cases are reported but most are not, because of the societal stigmatization associated with that. Really, the figures are quite alarming, and show that something has to be done about this unjust v iolence about the innocent gentle female folks. The issue of rape with associated suicide seems however to be on s steady state, as only few victims eventually get to release their emotions to the angry fingers of painful suicidal death. However, rape, in form of physical assault, forceful sexual intercourse, is not restricted to the female as some have also been reported males as well as children. Similarly, there have also been cases of rape in marriages.‘In women, one out of every six American women has been the victims of an attempted or completed rape in their lifetime. A total of 17.7 million women have been victims of these crimes. In 2003, nine out of every ten rape victims were female. While about 80% of all victims are white, minorities are somewhat more likely to be attacked. In men, about three percent of American men - a total of 2.78 million men - have experienced an attempted or completed rape in their lifetime. In 2003, one in every ten rape victims was male. In children, 15% of victims are under age12, 29% are age 12-17, 44% are under age 18 and 80% are under age 30’, this statistics reported by Prevalence, Incidence and Consequences of Violence Against Women Survey of the National Institute of Justice and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1998 and 2003 National Crime Victimization Survey confirm the trend of rape in the country.THE SOCIETY: RAPE AND SUICIDEThe case of violence and crime such as rape has a bad impact on the society. It is important to note that the aftermath of rape on their victims is terrible; these victims go through stages similar to grief over loss of a loved one, and are usually perpetually depressed. In cases where such victims do not find substantial support around them, their level of depression ameliorates and eventually gives in to the roaring lion called death by means of suicide. Experiences and accounts of victims show that it is difficult to overcome the trauma of rape.Worse still is the stigmatization that is attached to rape victims, just like AIDS patients; this rarely complicates the issue and worsens the matter. The character of such people is fast eroded; they begin to see themselves as of no use to the society. If they do not resort into suicide, they engage in other anti-social acts inimical to peace of others; just because they see themselves as cheated by lives. The Police increase the burning temperature of agonizing flame by some of their actions; they report the inability to locate such culprits.   Their investigation bureau has really not been forthcoming in this regard.The society needs top sensitized about this crime, and preventive measures taken to correct. Some of these would include lighting of dark zones, maximum security at night clubs, cinemas, game centers and large public parties, and even schools. These places have formed the ‘cave’ where the evil is conformably performed.   The Police are really doing enough to combat thi s crime with their complacence; judicial actions are quite satisfactory but there is still need to be more effective and speedy prosecution without bias to power would be beneficial.CONCLUSIONRape is a crime; it can be lead to a terminal disorder, suicide if care is not taken. Therefore, all hand must be on deck to eradicate it , or at best reduce the trend.REFERENCESPrevalence, Incidence and Consequences of Violence against Women Survey, National Institute of Justice and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1998.2003 National Crime Victimization SurveyRape and suicide. Accessed from www.suicide.org/rape-and-suicide.htmlAdams Daniel, Mother’s Story of Rape. Accessed from collegiatetimes.com/news/1/ARTICLE/5908/2005-10-19.html?sid=50c9f6a91b4d3d8e01de652e78295f12

Essays on Patriotism

Essays on Patriotism Essays on Patriotism Writing essay on any of the listed below critical essay topics, you should evaluate the subject critically: advantages and disadvantages, what do the people think about the essay subject and what is your opinion. Writing critical essay state whether you agree or disagree and why. State your position in the introduction, support it in body and restate the final point in conclusion. Essays on patriotism are especially interesting to write as they must reflect your own opinion about patriotism, either general or specific. At the end of this article, you will find sample essay on patriotism: Controversial essay topics: Adoption, Biological Weapons, Racism, Abortion Rights, Steroids, Juvenile Offenders, Terrorism, Mental Health, Teenage Pregnancy, Gun Control, Rape, Animal Rights, Gangs, Middle East, Prisons, Domestic Violence, professional essay on Poverty, National Security, Homosexuality, Capital Punishment, Medical Ethics, Immigration, Cloning, Environment, Stem Cells, Political Corruption, Nutrition, Euthanasia, Eating Disorders, Genetic Engineering, Human Rights, Health Care, Crime Victims, Population, Animal Experimentation, Endangered Species, Welfare, Nuclear Weapons, Suicide, Alcohol, Global Warming, Homelessness, Smoking. Argumentative essay topics: Academic Dishonesty, Euthanasia, best Global Warming essay, Homeland Security, Poverty, Transportation, Working Women, AIDS/HIV, Genocide, Global Resources, Feminism, Teen Pregnancy, Water Resources, Media Violence, Medical Ethics, Vaccinations, Abused Women, Homeless in America, Government Fraud and Waste, Family Violence, Academic Freedom, National Tobacco Settlement, Foreign Policy, Age Discrimination, Tobacco Industry, Violent Video Games, Voluntary, National Testing, Welfare Reform, Iraq, Airline Safety. Writing Essays on Patriotism The below sample essay on patriotism is offered to give you idea of writing on similar college English topic. The essay sample provided can be used as the model writing, no referencing is needed. This essay was posted here with the permission of our client. Otherwise, we do not post or resell delivered papers to protect our clients. If you need help with essays on patriotism, do not hesitate to contact us. We are working 24/7 to provide you with timely response. The most urgent papers are written without delays! ...Finally, Stalin's patriotism too was not informed by nostalgia but was part of his general interpretation of society as an efficient productive organism. The point is that, in his opinion, under the present level of development of the productive forces an integrated world economy was impossible to realize. To attempt it nevertheless could only result in chaos and stagnation. Under the existing technological conditions, the national state and the multinational federation remained the only frameworks in which production could be organized in a viable way. The final integration of humankind into one immense productive organism was a matter of the faraway future. In the present world economy, patriotism was the only realistic option.... Popular posts: Business Ethics Paper Term How to Write a 10-Page Term Paper Education Term Paper Communism Paper Philosophy Term College Term Paper

Culture in the Project Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Culture in the Project Management - Assignment Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that cultural artifact has a close correspondence while speaking about the culture Artifact simply indicates the things that are produced by spending the human labor and his or her artistic knowledge giving a sign of creativity in it. Actually, a cultural artifact is a human-made object, which represents the ideas and values of a particular culture. More categorically speaking, "Starting with the broadest category, we may say that cultural artifact include everything that is judged worth preserving because of its meaning. This doesn't include everything in the world, but anything in the world, concrete or abstract, could potentially become a cultural artifact". This may change due to the variation of the cultural ingredients. The concept of cultural artifact may also vary in the particular context of a given culture. Comic books are also essentially included as the cultural artifact as considering the definition or concep t of the cultural artifact has been defined. It is considered as the unique literary. Comics industry has a longstanding reputation throughout the world. Even this has been expanded in the territory of Asia, with particular attention to Philippine and China. In reference to the comics industry in the Philippine, it is opined that "In 1978, it was hypothesized that since about 2 million commercially produced komlks -magasins bearing 44 different titles and appeared were either sold or released in the blanket, it was assumed, albeit conservatively, that if only six people read each copy, then komlks-magasins should easily have a readership of no less than 12 million". The growth of comics industry in Ireland has a documented glorious history. The rate of selling in the comics industry is radically increasing for it has the immense popularity among the people of Ireland. In Ireland, people are most prone to the comics literature as "the average Irish person prefer allocating new fundin g, theatre, opera and dancing which would be dwarfed by levels of interest in video games, films, and comics". Hence, Ireland has been turned into a fertile ground for the comics industry. Comics industry developed in Ireland is of special significance in regard to the issues of developing comic industry as the potential industry in the coming days. "Prior to 1960, for the outside observer, comic book circulation figures were hard to come by". In tracing out the historical context of the comics industry, it is necessary to mention that the comics books or comics industry for the first time appeared on the market during 1934. Relevantly, at the same time detective comics appeared in the year of 1937. One of the most important and significant comics' literature in its history is the Walt Disney's Comics and Stories in 1942. After the taking place of the world war second, the selling of comics' books increased at much higher. In the post-war period, the Walt Disney Comics and Stories g ot its highest position in the field of the comics industry as it was treated as the best selling comics books.

Micromint micropayment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Micromint micropayment - Essay Example The scrip ensures there is a permanent relationship between the customer and the vendor. This according to Rivest (1997, p. 45), is inconvenience for a vendor. To perform each transaction, the consumer goes to the broker for exchange of the vendor scrip. In spite of the security features of Millicent System; it is still exposed to cyber crimes. Future systems ought to be improved using public keys for encryption. This can protect sensitive information from reaching intruders. Additionally, network security techniques ought to be applied to eliminate the risk of man-in-the-middle attack. Glassman, S., Manasse, M., Abadi, M., Gauthier, P & Sobalvarro, P 2013, â€Å"The MilliCent Protocol for Inexpensive Electronic Commerce†, Fourth International World Wide Web Conference, Darmstadt, Germany. Rivest, R 1997, â€Å"Electronic Lottery Tickets as Micropayments†, in R. Hirschfeld (Ed.), Financial Crypography: First International Conference (FC ‘97), Anguilla, British West Indies, Feb. 24-28, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Vol. 1318, pp. 307-314). Yacobi, Y 1997, â€Å"On the Continuum Between On-line and Off-line E-cash Systems†, in R. Hirschfeld (Ed.), Financial Cryptography: First International Conference (FC ’97), Anguilla, British West Indies, February 24-28, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Vol. 1318, pp.

The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao - Essay Example ois Macomber.’ This paper helps to provide an insight into how the author has made use of the feeling of absence very beautifully in the story as he talks about how the lives of people in the shadow of dictatorship and living in exile were full of loss and has also pointed out absence in the form of immigrants. In the middle of Oscar’s pathetic existence, Yunior tells the story of how terrifying it was to live under the dictatorship for Oscar’s mother and grandparents. They underwent blood soaked years of the Trujillo dictatorship full of paranoia, torture, secret police, murder and fear.   These are the words that describe life in a small, tropical dictatorship run by a psychopath.  Not coincidentally, they also describe the legacy of the Twentieth Century. The book helps in describing the dark path that the immigrant, Oscar, was made to tread upon and the various events that he went through during the course of his lifetime. The idea of absence has been provided in a very descriptive manner as the author has tried to point out instances with respect to the emotion. The first taste of absence maybe felt by the readers by the mention of the immigrant family that Oscar was from. Immigrants are people who have been forced to flee their home countries and live elsewhere because of social or moral issues prevailing within society. In actuality, they are not able to fit well within other societies because of problems of acceptance faced by other people around them. Thus, they feel lonely and are one of the most key aspects of describing absence and loneliness. Furthermore, Diaz has made use of the backdrop of dictatorship and exile under the purview of which the protagonists of the story were living. The author describes the absence of friendship and prevalence of loneliness in Wao’s life; â€Å"In the old days when his so-called friends would hurt him or drag his trust through the mud he always crawled voluntarily back into the abuse, hour of fear and

Differences of the psychodynamic and behavioural approaches

Differences of the psychodynamic and behavioural approaches While psychodynamic and behavioural approaches are the two major approaches to personality, they view personality from different perspective. Psychodynamic approach argues personality is caused by forces in the unconscious but not learnt. Individuals have little control over their behaviour as it is predetermined, and early childhood plays a crucial part in shaping ones personality. Behavioural approach, on the other hand, recognizes personality as learnt and focuses only on present behaviour matters. Given the differences, it has been argued whether, in terms of scientific merit, psychodynamic or behavioural approach is more comprehensive. The strengths of psychodynamic approach are consideration of childhood experiences and recognition of the unconscious part. On the contrary, behavioural approach focuses on behaviour that can be scientifically measured and verified, and recognizes the importance of external environment on personality. From the above arguments, it is finally conclu ded, in term of methodology and testability, behavioural approach is more comprehensive. Introduction The scientific merit of psychodynamic and behavioural approaches to personality is quite different in terms of supporting whether personality is largely inborn or learnt. The term scientific merit here is defined as the methodology employed and testability of the approaches. On one hand, it has been argued psychodynamic approach relies too heavily on unconscious mind whose existence is hard to prove; on the other hand, behavioural approach has also been criticized for being overly environmentally determinist while overlooking mental processes. The following essay is to critically compare and contrast these two approaches from various aspects, and deduce which one is more encompassing. The psychodynamic approach argues experiences in childhood have significant influence on the development of adult personality without their consciousness. Freud (1969), the founder of psychodynamic approach to psychology, suggested the psyche consists of the following three parts: the preconscious, the conscious, and the unconscious. Among these three, individuals are only not aware of the unconscious part, in which there is always conflict between the id and the superego. The id is unconscious basic drives present in the newborn, and the superego represents the conscience developed by living in a community. These two parts of the psyche has to be managed by the ego, which mediates between the impulses of the id and social constraints. Freud argued that every child must undergo the psycho-sexual stages and their experiences play a large part in adult development, particularly the development of personality. (Freud, 1969). According to behavioral approach, personality is viewed as a pattern of learned behaviors developed through either classical or operant conditioning, and then further molded by reinforcement such as punishment or rewards. Classical conditioning, first proposed by Pavlov (1936), is learning through association, which suggested individual learns to connect a neutral stimulus with a reflex response such as anger or delight. Also, operant conditioning, primarily proposed by B. F. Skinner (1974), is learning through the outcomes of behaviour. If ones behaviour is rewarded, then it will be maintained or increased; if it is penalized, it will be weakened and even extinguished. There are several substantial differences between psychodynamic and behavioural approaches. Comparatively, psychodynamic approach recognizes that experiences in childhood have influence throughout our lives without our consciousness. It provides important framework for judging ones personality and behaviour. For example, the reason for a person committing murder may be the fact that his violent father has always physically-punished him since childhood. Nevertheless, behavioural approach argued most human behaviour is mechanical, and ones personality is simply the product of stimuli and responses. Therefore, the psychodynamic approach acknowledges everyone can suffer mental illnesses and conflicts without their faults. Compared with the psychodynamic approach, another weakness of the behavioural approach is that it ignores the part of unconscious. According to Social Learning Theory, Bandura (1989) has suggested cognitive factors cannot be overlooked if learning is needed to be understood. Bandura has also noted that while reward and punishment substantially shape ones personality, cognition has as much impact as they do. Also, the principles of behavioural approach have mainly been tested on animals. It implies some findings may not be applicable to human being, who is much more complex. On the other hand, one of the strengths of behavioural approach over psychodynamic approach, in term of testability, is that it only focuses on behaviour that can be tested and observed, which makes it very useful in experiments under laboratory setting where behaviour can be observed and verified. Therefore, the results derived from behavioural approach have been, and continue to be, objectively and reliably measured. In terms of methodology, the behavioural approach focuses on the present instead of examining ones past or their medical history. In some cases, this can be a kind of strength, especially for those suffering from their abnormal behaviour. For them, instead of knowing the causes, getting rid of the unpleasant behaviour is much more important. For example, a person with an irrational impulse to brush his teeth unnecessarily many times a day is more concerned about ridding himself of this unnatural behaviour. Compared with behavioural approach, the major criticism of psychodynamic approach is that it cannot be scientifically verified or observed. In fact, no one is even able to design an experience which can effectively refute psychodynamic theory. There is no way to prove whether the unconscious really exists, and whether a restrained memory is real or not. Therefore, psychodynamic approach does not have solid scientific evidence underpinning the arguments about personality. Another weakness would be the fact that most of the evidence for psychodynamic theories was taken from Freuds case studies, such as Little Hans. (Freud, 1969). The main problem is that the case studies are based on studying one person in detail, and they tend to be highly subjective. This makes generalisations to the wider population difficult and not representative enough. Conclusion In term of methodology and testability, behavioural approach is more encompassing for the following reason. Firstly, unlike psychodynamic approach which can hardly be scientifically observed or tested, behavioural approach has proved to be useful in scientific experiments under laboratory setting where results can be reliably verified. Secondly, behavioural approach, in terms of methodology, recognizes the influence of the external environment on ones personality. Finally, most of the evidence for psychodynamic theories was taken from Freuds case studies, which is very subjective and it is hard to generalize results to a larger population.

Determination of a Rate Equation Essay -- GCSE Chemistry Coursework In

Determination of a Rate Equation Rate equation has the form rate = k [A]x[B]y which shows how the rate of a chemical reaction depends on the concentration of the reactants (A&B) and the rate constant k. The rate equation normally indicates what species are involved in the rate-determining step and how many species are involved. A rate equation is used to describe how the concentration of a product increases or the concentration of the reactants decreases with time, the equation also indicates how the concentration of one or more reactants directly affects the rate. Occasionally it can even be the concentration of a product that affects the rate. In general the rate equation for the reaction: A + B C + D Is found by experiment to follow simple kinetics with the rate equation being written as: Rate = k [A]x[B]y k = rate constant, x = order with respect to [A], y = order with respect with [B]. There are three orders of reactions, zero order, first order and second order. Zero order = the rate does not depend upon the concentration of the reactant. The rate of reaction is fixed. Doubling or tripling the concentration of the reactant makes no difference to the rate. Thus: Rate of reaction = k or rate of reaction = k[A]0. First order = the rate of reaction depends directly upon the concentration of the reactant. If the concentration of the reactant is doubled, the rate doubles, thus: Rate of reaction = k[A] or rate of reaction = k[A]1 Second order = the rate of reaction depends directly upon the square of the concentration of the reactants. If its concentration is doubled, its rate of reaction quadruples. Thus: Rate of reaction = k[A]2 The graph below shows zero, first and second order reactions and how changes in the co... ...ean that the concentration would be altered so this wouldn’t work. Also when doing the experiment the temperature was not always constant in the surroundings and in the solution. This could have affected the rate of reaction by some reactions happening faster and some slower than the others. To improve this i could make sure all the solutions were at the same temperature before starting the reaction. This would then ensure that the test was being conducted fairly and that way i could get more accurate results. To improve the experiment and minimise errors I can try and devise a better method that would ensure that all of the above errors were reduced. When measuring out my solutions I was taking readings from below the meniscus, this reduced the numbers of errors in my results. REFERENCES:  · Cambridge chemistry 2 text book  · Letts revision guide.  · Class notes.

Legal aspects of cultural diversity Essay

Cultural diversity is of great essence to any community, just as diversity is important to the living organisms which can in fact, have their ecological system adversely affected, lack of cultural diversity can lead to an increase in the risk of economic and political instabilities. This therefore implies that it is very important to preserve cultural diversity. Its preservation, above all conflicts and security concerns has made it to be of much concern in the global arena. For effective integration of the cultural diversity there is need to develop and enact laws that are intended to preserve it so as to continue enjoying its numerous benefits (Heuberger, Gerber, & Anderson, 1999). Legal aspects of cultural diversity A major fundamental characteristic that is emerging as a result of political space that is increasingly widening globally is not so much due to plurality but as a result of polarity of thoughts coming from different corners of the globe which vary significantly. The polarity of these ideas naturally corresponds to the cultural diversity of the communities. Polarity does not necessarily lead to development in the negative direction in the process of social politics. However, there is need to derive some values which are useful from this particular development. This therefore means that there should be efforts which are aimed at developing institutional mechanisms, which apart from acknowledging the existence of cultural diversity they also stress on the fundamental consensual principles and values as a basis of any state. The potentiality of such opportunities lies in the enactment of laws intended to safe guard cultural diversity, such laws should be well entrenched in a country’s supreme law, that is, the constitution (Tarver, 1999). The ethnic and cultural diversity is a broad area which can be very problematic should states fail to adequately cater for them in their laws of the land. When properly managed, cultural diversity is capable of producing positive fruits in the development of institutional structures aimed enhancing integration of various cultures. It is therefore important to note that dealing with ethnic and cultural diversity is not only a sensitive issue but a complex one too. Thus it is of much essence to include virtually all the stakeholders while coming up with laws of regulating and governing this diversity. This is very important since if such a process is not well managed the minorities are likely to feel left out in the development of their nations and thus opposed to its objectives. This can result into anarchy in a country, which can easily lead to tribal conflicts which do not auger well for the economic and political stability of a nation (Mitullah, 2002). The differences in various cultures are not absolute, they can therefore, be mediated positively through a well engineering process of the constitution of the country or other laws governing the state. This is a task that every country should endeavor to accomplish so as to avoid instances of discrimination of minorities. Their values too should be well taken care of and appreciated in a similar manner as those of the majority. Making laws on such basis will ensure that no single culture is left out in the task of nation building as they are all important and each form an integral part of the nation and thus a state cannot function optimally without the inclusion of all the cultures existing within its boundaries (Mitullah, 2002). By the laws properly addressing the issue of cultural diversity the states are likely to be saved from effects of conscious mobilization of people based on their culture and ethnic origins by their elites who are selfish and only interested in their political gains as opposed to the greater good of the entire nation. Such laws should ensure that there is eradication of political processes in which politicians are able to divide people during the periods of campaigns through ideas of cultural differences instead of policies that are needed by the state in order to develop both democratically and economically and thus liberate the citizens from the handicaps of ethnicity and their respective cultures. The laws should enable the citizens to perceive each culture in the country as an important part in the general development of the nation (Mitullah, 2002). In many countries ethnic or cultural social engineering so as to achieve myopic political goals is a major challenge in attaining credible political and economic stability. Not unless such is adequately addressed several countries will continue suffering and their development objectives delayed. Such short comings can be effectively addressed if there are laws and statutes to cater for cultural diversity so that it can be used to yield good fruits for these nations as opposed to situations of political and economic instabilities resulting from failing to manage cultural diversity in a proper manner (Lewis, 2007) Conclusion Cultural diversity when well managed in any given society is capable of yielding a lot of benefits to the all the nationalities. There is need therefore to ensure that it is well preserved and adequately taken care of so as to realize the benefits of stable economies and political systems. By appreciating cultural diversity the members of the different communities are able to borrow the strong values from other cultures and this will lead to the emergence of a culture that incorporates all the cultural diversities that exist within their limits. This can be effectively addressed in laws and statutes which should be oriented at ensuring that cultural diversity is preserved. Reference: Heuberger, B. , Gerber, D. & Anderson, R. (1999): Strength through Cultural Diversity; Journal Article of Multiculturalism Vol. 47, Issue 4. Lewis, M. (2007): Cultural Norms and Political Mobilization: Accounting for Local and State-Level Liquor Laws, 1907-1919, Journal of Cultural Geography, Vol. 24, Issue 8. Mitullah, W. V. (2002): Recognising and Respecting Cultural Diversity in the Constitution, Retrieved on 22nd May 2009 from, http://www. commonlii. org/ke/other/KECKRC/2002/5. html. Tarver, M. L. (1999): Law Enforcement Diversity Training And Technology, Retrieved on 22nd May 2009 from, http://aabss. org/journal1999/f13Tarver. html.